Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem

In mathematics, Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem bounds the order of the group of automorphisms, via orientation-preserving conformal mappings, of a compact Riemann surface of genus g > 1, stating that the number of such automorphisms cannot exceed 84(g−1). A group for which the maximum is achieved is called a Hurwitz group, and the corresponding Riemann surface a Hurwitz surface. Because compact Riemann surfaces are synonymous with non-singular complex projective algebraic curves, a Hurwitz surface can also be called a Hurwitz curve.^[1] The theorem is named after Adolf Hurwitz, who proved it in (Hurwitz 1893).

Contents 1 Interpretation in terms of hyperbolicity 2 The idea of a proof and construction of the Hurwitz surfaces 2.1 Construction 3 Examples of Hurwitz's groups and surfaces 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References

Interpretation in terms of hyperbolicity

One of the fundamental themes in differential geometry is a trichotomy between the Riemannian manifolds of positive, zero, and negative curvature K. It manifests itself in many diverse situations and on several levels. In the context of compact Riemann surfaces X, via the Riemann uniformization theorem, this can be seen as a distinction between the surfaces of different topologies:

• X a sphere, a compact Riemann surface of genus zero with K > 0;
• X a flat torus, or an elliptic curve, a Riemann surface of genus one with K = 0;
• and X a hyperbolic surface, which has genus greater than one and K < 0.

While in the first two cases the surface X admits infinitely many conformal automorphisms (in fact, the conformal automorphism group is a complex Lie group of dimension three for a sphere and of dimension one for a torus), a hyperbolic Riemann surface only admits a discrete set of automorphisms. Hurwitz's theorem claims that in fact more is true: it provides a uniform bound on the order of the automorphism group as a function of the genus and characterizes those Riemann surfaces for which the bound is sharp.

The idea of a proof and construction of the Hurwitz surfaces

By the uniformization theorem, any hyperbolic surface X – i.e., the Gaussian curvature of X is equal to negative one at every point – is covered by the hyperbolic plane. The conformal mappings of the surface correspond to orientation-preserving automorphisms of the hyperbolic plane. By the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, the area of the surface is

A(X) = − 2π χ(X) = 4π(g − 1).

In order to make the automorphism group G of X as large as possible, we want the area of its fundamental domain D for this action to be as small as possible. If the fundamental domain is a triangle with the vertex angles π/p, π/q and π/r, defining a tiling of the hyperbolic plane, then p, q, and r are integers greater than one, and the area is

A(D) = π(1 − 1/p − 1/q − 1/r).

Thus we are asking for integers which make the expression

1 − 1/p − 1/q − 1/r

strictly positive and as small as possible. A remarkable fact is that this minimal value is 1/42, and

1 − 1/2 − 1/3 − 1/7 = 1/42

gives a unique (up to permutation) triple of such integers. This would indicate that the order |G| of the automorphism group is bounded by

A(X)/A(D)  ≤  168(g − 1).

However, a more delicate reasoning shows that this is an overestimate by the factor of two, because the group G can contain orientation-reversing transformations. For the orientation-preserving conformal automorphisms the bound is 84(g − 1).

Construction

To obtain an example of a Hurwitz group, let us start with a (2,3,7)-tiling of the hyperbolic plane. Its full symmetry group is the full (2,3,7) triangle group generated by the reflections across the sides of a single fundamental triangle with the angles π/2, π/3 and π/7. Since a reflection flips the triangle and changes the orientation, we can join the triangles in pairs and obtain an orientation-preserving tiling polygon. A Hurwitz surface is obtained by 'closing up' a part of this infinite tiling of the hyperbolic plane to a compact Riemann surface of genus g. This will necessarily involve exactly 84(g − 1) double triangle tiles.

The following two regular tilings have the desired symmetry group; the rotational group corresponds to rotation about an edge, a vertex, and a face, while the full symmetry group would also include a reflection. Note that the polygons in the tiling are not fundamental domains – the tiling by (2,3,7) triangles refines both of these and is not regular.

order-3 heptagonal tiling

order-7 triangular tiling

Wythoff constructions yields further uniform tilings, yielding eight uniform tilings, including the two regular ones given here. These all descend to Hurwitz surfaces, yielding tilings of the surfaces (triangulation, tiling by heptagons, etc.).

From the arguments above it can be inferred that a Hurwitz group G is characterized by the property that it is a finite quotient of the group with two generators a and b and three relations

thus G is a finite group generated by two elements of orders two and three, whose product is of order seven. More precisely, any Hurwitz surface, that is, a hyperbolic surface that realizes the maximum order of the automorphism group for the surfaces of a given genus, can be obtained by the construction given. This is the last part of the theorem of Hurwitz.

Examples of Hurwitz's groups and surfaces

The smallest Hurwitz group is the projective special linear group PSL(2,7), of order 168, and the corresponding curve is the Klein quartic curve. This group is also isomorphic to PSL(3,2).

Next is the Macbeath curve, with automorphism group PSL(2,8) of order 504. Many more finite simple groups are Hurwitz groups; for instance all but 64 of the alternating groups are Hurwitz groups, the largest non-Hurwitz example being of degree 167. The smallest alternating group that is a Hurwitz group is A₁₅.

Most projective special linear groups of large rank are Hurwitz groups, (Lucchini, Tamburini & Wilson 2000). For lower ranks, fewer such groups are Hurwitz. For n_p the order of p modulo 7, one has that PSL(2,q) is Hurwitz if and only if either q=7 or q = p^n_p. Indeed, PSL(3,q) is Hurwitz if and only if q = 2, PSL(4,q) is never Hurwitz, and PSL(5,q) is Hurwitz if and only if q = 7⁴ or q = p^n_p, (Tamburini & Vsemirnov 2006).

Similarly, many groups of Lie type are Hurwitz. The finite classical groups of large rank are Hurwitz, (Lucchini & Tamburini 1999). The exceptional Lie groups of type G2 and the Ree groups of type 2G2 are nearly always Hurwitz, (Malle 1990). Other families of exceptional and twisted Lie groups of low rank are shown to be Hurwitz in (Malle 1995).

There are 12 sporadic groups that can be generated as Hurwitz groups: the Janko groups J₁, J₂ and J₄, the Fischer groups Fi₂₂ and Fi'₂₄, the Rudvalis group, the Held group, the Thompson group, the Harada–Norton group,the third Conway group Co₃, the Lyons group, and the Monster, (Wilson 2001).

See also

• (2,3,7) triangle group

Notes

1. ^ Technically speaking, there iss an equivalence of categories between the category of compact Riemann surfaces with the orientation-preserving conformal maps and the category of non-singular complex projective algebraic curves with the algebraic morphisms.
2. ^ (Richter) Note each face in the polyhedron consist of multiple faces in the tiling – two triangular faces constitute a square face and so forth, as per this explanatory image.

References

Topics in algebraic curves Rational curves Five points determine a conic Projective line Rational normal curve Riemann sphere Twisted cubic Elliptic curves Analytic theory Elliptic function Elliptic integral Fundamental pair of periods Modular form Arithmetic theory Counting points on elliptic curves Division polynomials Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves Mazur's torsion theorem Modular elliptic curve Modularity theorem Mordell–Weil theorem Nagell–Lutz theorem Supersingular elliptic curve Schoof's algorithm Schoof–Elkies–Atkin algorithm Applications Elliptic curve cryptography Elliptic curve primality testing Elliptic curve primality proving Higher genus De Franchis theorem Faltings' theorem Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem Hurwitz surface Hyperelliptic curve Plane curves AF+BG theorem Bézout's theorem Bitangent Cayley–Bacharach theorem Conic section Cramer's paradox Cubic plane curve Fermat curve Genus–degree formula Hilbert's sixteenth problem Nagata's conjecture on curves Plücker formula Quartic plane curve Real plane curve Riemann surfaces Belyi's theorem Bolza surface Dessin d'enfant Differential of the first kind Klein quartic Riemann's existence theorem Riemann-Roch theorem Teichmüller space Torelli theorem Constructions Dual curve Polar curve Structure of curves Divisors on curves Abel–Jacobi map Brill–Noether theory Clifford's theorem on special divisors Gonality of an algebraic curve Jacobian variety Riemann–Roch theorem for algebraic curves Weierstrass point Weil reciprocity law Moduli ELSV formula Gromov–Witten invariant Hodge bundle Moduli of algebraic curves Stable curve Morphisms Hasse–Witt matrix Riemann–Hurwitz formula Prym variety Weber's theorem Singularities Acnode Crunode Cusp Delta invariant Tacnode Vector bundles Birkhoff–Grothendieck theorem Stable vector bundle Vector bundles on algebraic curves